therefore

ifxxanj21 · Wysłany: Pią 18:24, 11 Mar 2011 Temat postu: therefore

:

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

The brain, main part is located in central nervous system cranial cavity. Can be divided into the brain, cerebellum and brainstem three parts, from eating to sleep, from talking to calculation, brain command the people's behavior and thought diligently brain can not only keep and development of intelligence, still can prevent brain atrophy aging, life is full of vitality.
these years,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you and your colleagues have been nurturing the Yafeng Poetry Society, poetry lovers to explore the habitat of a soul; these years, your footprints all over Europe and America, used the camera to record the exotic; these years, you have been doing the moon and sun The Matchmaker ... ...
Shao-Fei: Bo name Hongfan. Jilin Province Writers Association; Chinese Children's Literature Association; Chinese Prose Research Institute. Shulan City Writers Association Executive Vice President, Shulan City microlepis River Poetry Association vice president.

not old scenery.

looked Hongfan Bowen wrote to me, elegant style was very moved, this is my most precious gift Chinese New Year is also the eternal memory of my life. Hongfan brother in this thank you!

the coast in the SAR, you're chewing on the prosperity of reform and opening up ... ... ...
your Hongfan the Notes 2011-01-26 19:03:21
Hongfan comment brother, I read you write prose, I am deeply moved! I do not know what kind of language to express my feelings at this time. you and me poems Shangdu serious and analytical character, so I saw a literary friends love of literature, friends and frank. In fact, your writing, I would have happy to read, admire the matter to! you're the role model in the Poetry Society, In the blog, you are sheep. from the heart, thank you for the type that is difficult daughter! she is my life will never forget one! Hongfan replied :2011 -01-26 19:34:55 Yafeng sister :
Today is the twelfth lunar month lunar xxiii, according to our customs of the north,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], from entering the Spring Festival starting today. In this, my man sent best wishes! bless you and your family!
; in this era of extreme physical and chemical, physical and desires deep erosion of the body of society, friends become more difficult for the expression of emotion, love, growing secularization. Yet it is still a great time on the daily life, never tired. This There is nothing poetic and romantic life, has no love for Ukraine to help prop up the spirit of the situation, just as discrete grassland sheep, although the prospect, but lost position. every man's turmoil and unrest, are marked with a deep brand of the times. So to explore the existence of the individual in social change in the value and reason, is still a persistent contemporary themes. illness and death, Nanhunnvjia and everything is clutch, crazy men Rouge of the North and so on, these seemingly placid emotions and events, constitute a writer The real challenge artistic imagination.
Therefore, we call for more faith among people and less hypocritical; more straightforward, less obscure; more inclusive, less combat; more open-minded and less brooding ... ...
is for this reason, I tried writing this way to my friends!
talkative for my daily life,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], so understanding of her sister is still very limited, therefore, the depth is not enough. to be in the future precipitation, and then strengthen and improve.
; handshake!

you find Atlas to the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong south to see a bonus.
in the Office of the President of the sects, you find the footprints of Sun Yat-sen.

MSN Spaces perfect move to the Sina blog!

in front of their parents, you are a dutiful daughter; in front of her husband, you are a docile wife; in front of children, you are a prudent mother; in front of friends, you are Hepatobiliary chivalrous a friend; in front of customers, you are a honest and trustworthy businessman ... ...

finished these verses, you then write a unusual sun / I ring the frost / damage once the withered flower / and ray flowers / were swept away by the Siberian cold / and a flower / In the sunset in the makeup / and a track / paste in my forehead / hate day / must face the day / so inch by inch / footprints pecked my yellow / eyeful of sorrow / full of melancholy / I Zhuobu Zhu's Fanghua ah / falling in my heart / Q Heaven / who swallowed the text of my youth / ask the earth / who shredded the poem I was young / I'm golden age ah / stranded in the desert where / my beautiful waves ah / living on the ocean in which film.
also need a pull, a knot, a face, a memory, a torment, a Ren Ren ... ...

Grief is not crossing the yellow lock in autumn. > What kind of Zhuanghuai?

you holding a new rhyme, read the Book of ignorant.

life!

Get a real fragrance and sweet, sweet fragrance for more than your treasure -

I did a complete record of your poetry, because reading this poem, I am shocked, and even burst into tears. I know you're not successful you are craving sun, not yet enough to withstand the infiltration of rain. You will also ignored in even the lonely birds, in the yellow leaves are falling away unable to bear the indifference of the impoverished have, continue your wishes -
you dancing pen and ink, trying to sword Ji's glory.
these years,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you side of the business to take care of their own, while crawling in the sea of poetry -

this is your form of poetry, trembling, painfully recall for you the first man crazy. You do not want to apologize for the language into the graves, so frank with you A special word to apologize to the great man.

Ya Feng

let time and life that we cherish it. years is that Bluebird just gone, time is similar to that of a bird only. Only in this thing of the past, before people treasure, the only similarity, it gave people a leisurely pace. Therefore, you Despite the years, more than half hundred, but in front of you, always have a -
you open the calendar Tang, see Li Bai drunken moonlight.
you say, Lost is happy or sad, who can not tell. sad may be heroic, joy may be mediocre.
I did not catch you give me the reins, no. you'd buried in the heart of the red beans, and green plum hybrid into hopelessness. So, your love is lost in the Diary of a Madman in the ... ...
In fact, life is such that sometimes worry comes, only the autumn wind and wet heart , walking in the rain there is a sense of satisfaction; and glad that the sun is known to have been Shiyou; think of sadness and happiness,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], even if the burden of Shuaibu Diao, that might as well accept, accept and digest them. gain and loss, tears and laughter, rich and poor, love and hate, more or less point out the taste of life, it seems life tasted a wonderful, may live a more exciting than a bad idea.
Not long ago, in your own birthday, and you write down these antique stride verse -

one's own life is non-transferable patent. We can not buy can not be sold. We only select and use. So, you said to me, without too much wishful thinking, if we are serious every moment of life, serious life ... ...
you say , the coordinate system of life, there are also dark Wei Li, who can never stand on the balance tilt? who meet twelve typhoon walking light? history is a drizzle, while life is passing breeze.
Buddhist is your deep sighs, which perhaps philosophizing about your experience.
you, your heart only you move the stone.
This requires a gas soul, a straightforward, a calm and a detached, a kind, a kind of aesthetic, a kind of wisdom.

- of: Hongfan

v1se0547 · Wysłany: Pon 21:06, 16 Maj 2011 Temat postu:

Molecular and Cellular Biology vocabulary commonly used English words _ _ English reading professional network
acetyl CoA / acetyl coenzyme A molecule of a small water-soluble metabolites by and acetyl coenzyme A connected components,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], resulting in pyruvate, fatty acids and amino acid oxidation; the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle was transferred to the citric acid.
actin / actin, actin-rich cells in the structure of eukaryotic proteins, and many other protein interactions. The spherical monomer (G2 actin) polymerization of actin filaments (F2 actin). F2 muscle cell contraction in the actin and myosin interaction.
activation energy / activation energy (to overcome barriers to) start the chemical reaction required energy input. Lower activation energy, increase the enzyme reaction rate.
active site / activity center, with the enzyme active site substrate binding and the catalytic reaction zone.
active transport / active transport ions or small molecules against the concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient of the energy transmembrane movement. ATP hydrolysis or another by the coupling of molecular transport along its electrochemical gradient to provide energy.
adenylyl cyclase / acid glycosides catalyzed by the ATP cyclase generates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) enzyme membrane attachment. Specific ligand and the corresponding cell surface receptors and to trigger activation of the enzyme increased intracellular cAMP.
allele / alleles on homologous chromosomes at sites corresponding to two or more genes may be one of the forms.
allosteric transition / conversion of small molecule allosteric proteins regulate specific parts of the protein caused by a combination of three and (or) change in quaternary structure, and its activity will be changed. Multi-subunit allosteric enzyme regulation is widespread.
alpha (α) helix / α helix common protein secondary structure, and its linear sequence of amino acids for the right-hand helix stack,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], with the main chain carboxyl and the amide hydrogen bonds between the maintenance of stability.
aminoacyl2tRNA / aminoacyl tRNA for the activation of protein synthesis in the form of amino acids, containing tRNA by high-energy ester bond with the hydroxyl molecule 3'2 combination of amino acids.
amphipathic / amphiphilic, and part of that have both hydrophilic part of the hydrophobic part of the molecule or structure.
anaphase / (cell division) late sister chromosome (or mitosis the pairs of congeners) and were split (separation) to move toward the spindle poles mitosis.
anticodon / anti-codon and the complementary mRNA codon sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA, protein synthesis process, the codon and anticodon base pairing between the growing peptide chain to carry the new by other amino acids on tRNA aligned.
antiport / reverse a form of transport cotransporter, membrane protein (reverse transporter) transporter in the opposite direction of two different molecules or ions across the cell membrane.
antisense RNA / antisense RNA with RNA transcripts with a specific complementary sequence of RNA or mRNA, the combination can prevent mRNA transcription or translation.
apoptosis / programmed cell death, programmed cell death through a series of very distinct morphological changes of cell death caused by the adjustment process.
aster / astral microtubules formed by the star structure (called star fibers), which mitosis radiating from the center outward extension of the body.
ATP synthase / ATP synthase attached to the mitochondrial membrane, chloroplast thylakoid membrane and serous membrane of the bacterial protein polymer complex, which in the process of oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis in the catalytic synthesis of ATP. Also known as F0F1 complex.
ATP ase / ATP enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP and inorganic phosphate released a free energy of a Han enzymes.
autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) / yeast autonomous replication sequence DNA molecule can replicate the sequence; a yeast origin of DNA replication.
autoradiography / Autoradiography exposure to photographic film or a film on the sample, the sample (such as biopsy or electrophoresis gel) in the radioactivity of molecular imaging technology. Autoradiography film called plans or significant radiation from the movie.
auxotroph / nutritional deficiencies, the body is not only a medium containing a wild-type required when a particular nutrient or metabolite of a mutant able to grow cells or microorganisms.
axoneme / axoneme present in cilia and flagella,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
When she looked ahead, Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog1. Her body was numb2. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours.
Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now, at age 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina Island to the California coast.
On that Fourth of July morning in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense3 she could hardly see her support boats.
Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and her trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn’t much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had...until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.
Still warming her chilled4 body several hours later, she told a reporter,“Look, I’m not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land I might have made it.”It was not fatigue5 or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog. She was unable to see her goal.
Two months later, she tried again. This time, despite the same dense fog, she swam with her faith and her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land and this time she made it! Florence Chadwick became the first woman to swim the Catalina Channel, eclipsing6 the men’s record by two hours!, microtubules and associated proteins by the composition of the beam, which is responsible for the motor function.
basal body / cilia and flagella matrix structure of the base, where the formation of microtubules from the axoneme radiation, similar grain structure with the center.
basal lamina (pl. basal laminae) / basal extracellular matrix composed of thin mesh material, in most of the animals on the formation of the cortex and other tissue cells (such as muscle) under the structure to match connective tissue separated.
base / base usually contain nitrogen, can accept a proton (H +) compounds. DNA and RNA in general, said in purine and pyrimidine.
base pair / base pairs of DNA or RNA molecule, the combination of two complementary nucleotide, base composition by hydrogen bonds between each other to fix.
beta (β) sheet/β- plane unfolded protein secondary structure with two different chain folding polypeptide chain or a fragment of the main-chain hydrogen bonds between atoms.
cadherin / Ca2 +-dependent cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules of the protein, in the organization and structure play a role in differentiation.
Calvin cycle / Calvin cycle, photosynthetic carbon reduction in the photosynthesis process of ring, the carbon dioxide fixed in the major metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, also known as carbon sequestration. Indirectly dependent on the cycle of light, but can occur when darkness and light.
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) / cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase of a cytoplasmic enzyme activated by the cAMP, can regulate the function of many cellular proteins; also known as protein kinase A. In general,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
When she looked ahead, Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog1. Her body was numb2. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours.
Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now, at age 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina Island to the California coast.
On that Fourth of July morning in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense3 she could hardly see her support boats.
Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and her trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn’t much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had...until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.
Still warming her chilled4 body several hours later, she told a reporter,“Look, I’m not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land I might have made it.”It was not fatigue5 or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog. She was unable to see her goal.
Two months later, she tried again. This time, despite the same dense fog, she swam with her faith and her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land and this time she made it! Florence Chadwick became the first woman to swim the Catalina Channel, eclipsing6 the men’s record by two hours!, the activation is G protein-coupled receptor stimulation and elevated levels of cyclic AMP response.
capsid / capsid viral protein coat, by one or more protein subunits of replication from around the viral RNA.
cDNA (complementary DNA) / DNA mRNA molecules complementary DNA copy from the reverse transcriptase, so the lack of genomic DNA, intron. Inferred from the cDNA sequence encoding amino acid sequences; DNA expression in recombinant cells can be used to its large number of encoded proteins generated in vitro.
cell cycle / cell cycle and cell replication of its chromosomes into two ordered series of events. Most eukaryotes cycle can be divided into four periods: G1 phase (DNA synthesis before); S phase (DNA replication); G2 phase (DNA synthesis after); M phase (cell division into two daughter cells).
cell division / cell division one cell splits into two daughter cells. In higher eukaryotes, including nucleus division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis); commonly used to refer to the mitotic division of nuclei and cytoplasm.
cell fusion / cell fusion of two cells using a variety of techniques to stimulate membrane fusion occurs in the contact area, and generates two or more nuclei, cytoplasmic hybrid cells mixed with each other.
cell junction / cell junction region specialized cell surface, cell to cell with other cells or extracellular matrix phase.
cell line / cell culture of plant or animal origin of cell populations, after a change to limit the growth of the cells, and cells were different. Cells can be transformed from a chemical or virus, said to be eternal life.
cell strain / cell line origin of plant or animal cell populations, the life cycle is limited, and the cell lines are different.
cell - adhesion molecules (CAMs) / cell adhesion molecule-mediated cell binding of membrane proteins, there are five categories: integrin, cadherin, selectin, immunoglobulin superfamily, and mucin.
centromere / mitotic centromere constriction at the chromosome, sister chromosomes in this phase, starting this kinetochore fibers extending to the top of the spindle; as mitosis and meiosis chromosome separation required for the correct.
centrosome (cell center) / centrosome (cell center) in the nucleus in animal cells near the organelles, is the original microtubule organizing center (MTOC), contains a pair of centrioles. During mitotic division, the formation of spindle poles.
chaperone / chaperone, molecular chaperone and the chaperone protein chaperone the general term for two types of proteins, the former to prevent the target protein misfolding, and the latter to promote their proper folding.
checkpoint / cell cycle checkpoint in eukaryotic several time points, the cell to the next stage of the process will be suspended until conditions are suitable at this time go forward.
chemiosmosis / chemical permeation through transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient (pH and potential) to drive ATP synthesis, or as against the concentration gradient of transmembrane molecules and other energy-consuming process, also known as chemiosmotic coupling.
chimera / chimera components from different genetic composition of individual animals or tissue; also refers to fragments of proteins from different protein molecules.
chromatography,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], liquid / liquid chromatography (liquid chromatography) according to quality (gel filtration), charge (ion exchange chromatography), or the ability to specifically bind other molecules (affinity chromatography), the multi- Molecular separation of a mixture of biochemical technology.
cis-acting / cis-acting regulatory sequences on the DNA means (such as enhanced child and promoting child), it is only possible to control the same chromosome genes. In bacteria, cis-acting elements controlled by genes adjacent to its proximal or home, but in eukaryotes can be far apart.
cistron / cistron gene encoding a single peptide unit.
clathrin / bear with a fibrous protein hormone,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
When she looked ahead, Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog1. Her body was numb2. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours.
Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now, at age 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina Island to the California coast.
On that Fourth of July morning in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense3 she could hardly see her support boats.
Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and her trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn’t much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had...until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.
Still warming her chilled4 body several hours later, she told a reporter,“Look, I’m not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land I might have made it.”It was not fatigue5 or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog. She was unable to see her goal.
Two months later, she tried again. This time, despite the same dense fog, she swam with her faith and her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land and this time she made it! Florence Chadwick became the first woman to swim the Catalina Channel, eclipsing6 the men’s record by two hours!, in the assembly of proteins with the help of a specific region in the polymer membrane into the side of the grid structure and the formation of clathrin-covered depression, loss to form vesicles.
clone / clone generated by a single parent of a group of identical cells or DNA molecules, also referred to come from single parent virus or genetically identical organisms.
cloning vector / cloning vector for gene cloning and DNA fragments used to carry DNA into the host cell or an automatic self-replicating genetic element. Bacterial plasmid vectors commonly used and modified the phage genome.
codon / codons of three nucleotides on the DNA or mRNA sequence, protein synthesis to use it to determine the specific amino acids. Also called the triad. In the 64 possible codons, the three are stop codons, not to determine the amino acids.
coiled2coil / coiled coil protein structure and stability of the rod four, two or three along the length of the interaction of α-helix formation. Commonly found in fiber-like protein and certain transcription factors.
complementary / complementary means to each other to form a perfect base pairing of the double helix of two nucleic acid sequences or chains; also refer to the two interacting molecules (such as enzyme and its substrate) such as locks and keys on the match as area.
complementation / complementary roles in genetics, refers to the heterozygous diploid haploid derivative of the wild-type functions (such as galactose on the growth of) recovery, each carrying the haploid mutant, and Members of the mutant has the same biochemical pathway in the encoded protein required for the different genes.
conformation / conformational space by the position of atoms in molecules determined by the proteins or other molecules of the precise three-dimensional shape. In some proteins, a slight change in conformation would seriously affect its viability.
consensus sequence / total sequences related to DAN, RNA or protein sequence of nucleotides for each position, or the most common amino acids.
constitutive mutant / structure-based mutations (1) a constant level of mutant protein synthesis, and its condition as subject to continuous induction of the same; (2) in the absence of inducer operon is transcribed under a regulation mutant bacteria; (3) The regulation of enzymes in a mutant form of continuous activity.
cooperativity / synergy of certain proteins with multiple ligand binding site, a ligand binding to subsequent ligand binding affinity enhancement (positive synergy) or reduced (negative synergy), these proteins are demonstrated this characteristic is called synergy.
cosmid / clay used to clone large DNA fragments of a class of carrier.
crossing over / exchange of maternal chromosomes during meiosis between the parent chromosomes exchange genetic material, the formation of recombinant chromosomes.
cyclin / cyclin concentration with the process of eukaryotic cell cycle related proteins in several movements of any kind, it constitutes a cyclin dependent kinase complex, thereby activating and determine the substrate specificity of these enzymes.
cyclin2dependent kinase (Cdk) / cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase binding only until the catalytic activity of a protein kinase. Different Cdk2 cyclin complexes to specific target proteins through phosphorylation of eukaryotic cell cycle is activated at different stages of the process.
degenerate / degenerate to the genetic code, means more than one codon may determine specific amino acids.
determination / determine the embryonic development, the cell specific developmental path toward the cell changes.
differentiation / differentiation due to changes in gene expression resulting in a variety of precursor cells into specialized cell types of the process.
DNA cloning / DNA recombinant DNA cloning technology, also known as cloning. It is the DNA or genome fragments embedded in DNA cloning vector, and then implantation of cultured host cell carrier (such as E. coli cells), and in the host cells are maintained during the growth period.
DNA library / DNA library into the appropriate vector DNA copies of all the mRNA's produced (c DNA libraries) set of cloned DNA molecules, these molecules may be the entire genome (genomic library) fragment, or a cell type .
DNA polymerase / DNA polymerase copying a DNA chain (template strand) to form double-stranded DNA molecules to form a new complementary strand of the enzyme. DNA polymerase of all time only to add a DNA molecule.
domain / domain independent tertiary structure (such as spherical or rod) and the characteristic activity of the protein region. Homology domain will appear in a different protein.
dominant / dominant, the advantages of genetics, refers to the alleles in the heterozygous phenotype in the expression of genes; unexpressed allele is called recessive. Also refers to the allele associated with the dominant phenotype.
downstream / upstream and downstream of the gene, means an RNA polymerase during transcription direction of movement, that is, toward containing a 3 'hydroxyl end of the template DNA chain. Traditionally, genes on the + 1 is the first transcribed nucleotide; + 1 nucleotide downstream is in turn named + 2 + 3 and so on. In addition, in a series of steps that occurred after the event.
dynein / ATP for the dynein protein family can be a member of the movement, the formation of association with tubulin, split, and then form a new connection, again and again to the microtubule (-) terminal movement. It can transport vesicles, is responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella.
elongation factor / extension of a non-factor in a ribosomal protein for translation initiation after translation of mRNA is required for continuous.
endosome, late / post-endosome sorting the internal pH is acidic vesicles, has been combined with the ligand in this and their membrane-bound receptor protein dissociation. After endosome lysosomal enzymes involved in the classification and recycling of plasma membrane receptor endocytosis.
enhancer / enhancer of eukaryotic DNA (rarely found in prokaryotes DNA) on the regulatory sequences, the position of the genes it controls may be from very far away. Specific enhancer binding protein and regulates the rate of gene transcription.
entropy (S) / entropy of a system of regular or random is not a measure of the degree; entropy, the more irregular.
epitope / epitope sites, epitopes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], on antigen and antibody binding part, also known as epitopes.
exon / exon of eukaryotic genes (or their primary transcripts) of the fragments, as a mature mRNA, rRNA or tRNA molecules are transported to the cytoplasmic part.
exoplasmic face / outer membrane surface of the cell membrane that deviated from the cytoplasmic side. The outer surface of the plasma membrane toward the extracellular membrane, and organelles (such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum) of the outer membrane surface of the cavity toward them.
expression cloning / expression cloning based on the functional properties of protein-coding cDNA or genomic DNA isolated segments of recombinant DNA technology, without prior purification of proteins. Also means a protein or gene c DNA was cloned to obtain high levels of full-length protein technology.
expression vector / expression vector carrying genes or c DNA into appropriate host cells, and guide the encoding of protein synthesis by the modified plasmid or virus. Some expression vectors are designed to detect DNA database, looking for a specific gene; In addition, cloned genes can also be produced by a large number of proteins.
fibronectin / fibronectin in an extracellular multi-mucin, with other integrin family members such as matrix components, fibrin and cell surface receptors combined. Cells and its role is connected to the extracellular matrix in wound healing is quite important.
footprinting / footprint method used to identify DNA or RNA of the protein binding site of a technology. With nuclease to digest radiolabeled with or without a specific binding protein of the nucleic acid samples, the DNA or RNA binding protein with the site to be protected is not digested, and protected and unprotected samples isolated fragments with gel electrophoresis spectrum will be different, to identify the protein binding to this site.
free energy (G) / free energy potential energy of a system of measurement is the enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) function.
free - energy change (ΔG) / free energy changes in chemical reactions, the product molecules and the starting molecules (reactants) the difference between the free energy. Large negative free energy, indicating a strong tendency of chemical reactions, that is, chemical equilibrium is reached when the concentration of the product will be far greater than the concentration of reactants.
Gprotein / G protein function in intracellular signal transduction pathway of a large number of heterotrimeric GTP - binding protein of any kind; usually seven transmembrane ligand coupled cell surface receptor combination of activation.
Gprotein2coupled receptor (GPCR) / G protein-coupled receptor of a class of important members of the cell surface receptors, seven transmembrane α-helices, directly with the G protein-coupled trimer.
gene / genetic physiological and functional units will be carried on to the next generation of information. From the molecular point of view, is required for production of functional protein or RNA of all DNA sequences, including exons, introns and non-coding transcriptional control region. See cistron (cistron) and transcription units.
gene cloning / DNA cloning See cloning.
gene control / regulating gene expression to control all the mechanisms involved. The most common is the regulation of transcription, affect mRNA processing, stability and translation mechanisms will also help control the expression of certain genes.
gene conversion / recombination gene conversion in the subtractive process, the gene is converted into an allele of another phenomenon.
gene expression / gene expression of a gene contains the coding information is converted into an observable phenotype (the most common is the protein product) of the whole process.
genetic code / genetic code of DNA or RNA nucleotide triplet on (codon) to determine the amino acid followed by a series of rules.
genome / genome of a cell or biological genetic information carried by all.
genomic DNA / genomic DNA of a cell or biological composition of the entire DNA sequence of the genome.
genomics / genomics of different organisms on the whole genome comparative analysis to determine the phylogenetic relationships among species, prediction of protein generated a number of biological and basic types.
genotype / genotype of individual cells or a gene structure of all organisms, but also refers to one or more locus alleles.
germ cell / germ cells can produce any precursor cells of gametes.
germ line / germ lineage of germ cells to produce gametes in the composition of the next generation of organisms; the same time, the next generation through the gametes to transfer genetic material.
growing fork / fork double-stranded DNA on the template the growth of chain separation, forming chains of DNA increased occurrence of each new location, also called the replication fork.
GTPase superfamily / guanosine triphosphatase superfamily, a group of GTP-binding protein, GTP binding in the inactivated state of the state and the GTP binding activity between the cycles. Including the G protein, Ras protein, as well as some of the peptide elongation factor, is the cellular switch protein.
Hela cell / HeLa cells of human epithelial cell lines derived from human cervical cancer, the growth of this strain cultured easily, is widely used in scientific research.
helicase / helicase moves along the DNA double helix, with the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to separate the two chains (helicase). Required for the DNA replication and transcription.
helix2loop2helix / 2 Spiral 2 Spiral ring found in many of Ca2 +-binding protein monomers and dimers of a eukaryotic transcription factor conserved motif.
helix2turn2helix / 2 helix angle helix 2 DNA-binding protein found in most bacteria as a DNA binding motif.
Holliday structure / Holiday intermediary in the restructuring process of the intermediate structure between homologous chromosomes.
homeobox / homeotic box in the class of homeotic genes by specific transcription factors encoded by a DNA binding domain encoded (homology domain) conserved DNA sequence.
homeosis / identity of some of the key developmental gene expression caused by mutation or error part of the body to another part of the transformation.
homeotic gene / homeotic genes caused by mutations of the gene to a part of the body behave as in other parts of cells, causing a cell, tissue or a body part to another transformation.
homologous chromosome / homologous chromosome in diploid cells, the type of each form of two copies of chromosome one, also known as Homologous chromosomes from the parents of each other.
homology / identity reflects the common evolutionary origin, the protein or nucleic acid sequences, or the structure of organs show similarities. Showed molecular homology or sequence is considered to be origin.
homozygous / homozygous refers to a specific gene has two alleles identical diploid cells or organisms.
Hox coplex / Hox complex selective gene cluster homologous to help determine the animal's body plan (body plan).
hybridization / hybrid combination of two complementary nucleotide chains to form double-stranded molecule can contain two DNA chains, two RNA chain, or a DNA chain and an RNA chain. Applied to detect specific DNA or RNA sequence of the various experimental methods.
hybridoma / hybridoma clonal hybrid cells, which can proliferate indefinitely and generate monoclonal antibodies; antibodies secreted by the normal B lymphocytes fused with myeloma cells to form.
induction / induction of embryonic development, the means and the other cells or tissues, or extracellular signaling molecules interact directly caused by the fate of cells or tissue development changes; metabolism, refers to a specific molecule ( inducer)-mediated synthesis of one or a series of enzymes increased.
initiation factor / initiation factor mRNA to promote ribosome binding right in one of a group of proteins, required for the start of protein synthesis.
initiator / initiation codon of eukaryotic RNA polymerase promoter sequence, to determine the sequence by it within the transcription start.
integrins / integrin, integrin,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], integrin a large family of heterodimeric transmembrane protein, prompting cells to extracellular matrix or other cell surface adhesion.
integral membrane protein / membrane protein in whole or in part in the phospholipid bilayer and the hydrophilic interaction between the nuclear membrane binding protein, extracted only with detergents to remove it from the membrane. Also called intrinsic membrane protein.
intermediate f ilaments / intermediate filament cytoskeleton fibers (diameter 10 nm), several types of cells by a specific subunit protein polymerization, including keratin, lamin (lamins), vimentin (vimentin) ; is the main structure of skin and hair protein; in the formation of muscle support, fixed and myofibrillar Z disc; animal cells and tissues of many important structural component.
intron / intron primary transcript (or its encoding DNA), part of the RNA processing, it is spliced to remove, and thus does not exist in mature, with functional mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA. Also called interleaved sequence.
kinesinP kinesin, KT movement protein family members, the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to movement towards the microtubule (+) terminal, and transport vesicles or granules.
kinetochoreP kinetochore, centromere at or near the mitotic chromosomes of each point of the three centromere protein structure, microtubules (centromere fiber) which extends to the extreme of spindle cells in the (cell division) late the movement of chromosomes to the extreme to play an active role.
gene knockinP knock sequence of the gene's code sequence of genetic code with another replacement technology.
gene knockoutP knockout with no other abnormalities of the body's organs, the mutant allele replacing the selective activity of a gene inactivation technology.
lagging strandP lagging strand at the fork in the growth and formation of newly synthesized DNA chain, the short discontinuous segments called Okazaki fragments, followed by DNA ligase. Although the synthesis of the lagging strand along the 3 '→ 5' direction, but each Okazaki fragment is along the 5 '→ 3' direction of synthesis.
lamininP laminin, the basal layer of clay can be seen that all elements of a composition of the extracellular matrix, a cell surface receptor, collagen and heparan sulfate binding sites for mucin.
laminsP lamin a group of intermediate filament protein, in the nuclear envelope inner surface of the formation of fibrous network (nuclear layer).
leading strandP leading strand at the fork in the growth along the 5 '→ 3' direction of continued synthesis of DNA formed a new chain. Generated by leading strand fork movement direction and the growth direction.
lectinP lectin, lectin closely connected with a specific sugar to any protein. Can be used for affinity chromatography to purify glycoproteins, or as a reagent to detect glycoproteins in situ.
locusP locus genetics, chromosome-specific gene loci. All the alleles of a particular gene in the same locus.
lysogenic cycleP lysogenic cycle of bacterial virus (phage) into the host cell, and its incorporation into the host genome DNA sequence of events, the result is a virus (prophage) were dominant. Prophage with the host cell genome, combined with the phenomenon called lysogenic. Prophage may be activated by a variety of mechanisms to enter the lytic cycle.
lytic cycleP virus enters the lytic cycle in which the host cells and replicate, the formation of new antiviral substances, the final series of events causing cell lysis.
MAP kinase / MAP kinase may be a variety of growth factors to stimulate cells activated protein kinase, through the phosphorylation of specific target proteins to mediate cellular responses.
mitogen / mitogen can promote cell proliferation in any of extracellular substances, such as growth factors.
mobile DNA element / DNA elements in a moving each individual species, their different chromosomal loci of those DNA sequences.
motif / motif structure of a protein unit, with a specific three-dimensional structure, found in a variety of proteins, often associated with special features.
motor protein / dynein members of a special class of enzymes, such as myosin, dynein and kinesin. It uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis along the actin (myosin) or microtubules (dynein and kinesin) to walk or taxi.
MPF (mitosis - promoting factor) / mitogenic factor with the protein by the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) heterodimer composed of proteins, which by inducing chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown and start the cells to enter mitosis, also known as
MTOC (microtubule - organizing center) / microtubule organizing center of non-mitotic interphase cells, all of microtubule structure in general.
multiadhesive matrix proteins / adhesive matrix protein of a multi-head, easy to bend the protein, which can be used with other components of the extracellular matrix (collagen, polysaccharides) and cell surface receptors, thereby cross-linked matrix and cell membrane .
mutagen / mutagen induced mutations in the chemical or physical factors.
mutation / chromosomal mutations in genetics is the occurrence of the nucleotide sequence of permanent genetic changes, usually in a single gene,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], typically causes the normal function of the gene product change or disappear.
Northern blotting / RNA blot hybridization with a probe and labeled DNA from the electrophoresis method to detect specific RNA isolated from the technology.
nuclear envelope / nuclear envelope membrane structure surrounding the core, the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear pore through two layers of film are.
nuclear lamina / nuclear Yu membrane layer in the core network side of the fibrous structure of a piece by the lamin composition.
nuclear proe complex (NPC) / nuclear envelope nuclear pore complex proteins within the macromolecular structure, ions and small molecules can be spread through, and mediated between the nucleus and cytoplasm of the active RNA and large proteins transport.
nuclear receptor / nuclear receptor and fat-soluble hormones (eg steroid hormone) combined with the general intracellular receptors; also known as steroid hormone receptor superfamily. After ligand binding, hormone-receptor complex to the nuclear translocation of transcription factors play features.
nucleocapsid / core-shell capsid with being wrapped in one of the nucleotides.
Okazaki fragments / short Okazaki fragments (<1000 base = single-stranded DNA fragments in the synthesis of DNA replication with the chain after the formation of DNA ligase quickly form a continuous DNA chain.
oncogene / oncogene is induced by the cultured cells or animals into a gene related to cancer. Most cancer genes and control cell growth or differentiation of normal genes (proto-oncogene) mutants.
operator / manipulation of bacterial or viral genes in the genome sequence of short DNA, protein binding and inhibition, the control of a neighboring gene transcription.
operon / operon in the bacterial DNA from polycistronic mRNA caused a contributing cluster of transcription from adjacent genes. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification by polymerase chain reaction a DNA fragment specific technology, the method by the synthetic oligonucleotide primer DNA, repeated several times, then give a short heat treatment to separate the complementary strand.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) / polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific DNA fragment of one kind of technology, the law oligonucleotide primer synthesis by the DNA, repeated several times, then give a short heat treatment to separate the complementary strand.
pheromone / pheromone released by one individual, the same species can change the behavior of other individuals or gene expression of signaling molecules, including yeast mating type factor α and α be studied more thoroughly.
point mutation / point mutations in DNA, in particular protein-coding region single nucleotide change can lead to determine the different amino acid codon or stop codon generation, or reading frame shift.
polar / means with the polarity of electrostatic charge, or positive and negative charge distribution of asymmetric molecules or structures, often water-soluble polar molecule.
positional cloning / positional cloning to identify genes for mutations (such as by genetic mutation analysis and identification of the gene) were isolated and cloned the normal form.
pre - mRNA / precursor messenger RNA precursor messenger RNA, DNA processing of primary transcripts and intermediates.
pre - rRNA / ribosomal RNA precursors in the nucleolus in the synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA large precursors, generated by the processing of ribosomal RNA in three of four.
primary transcript / primary transcripts generated by the DNA transcription the initial RNA product, including intron and exon. Many primary RNA transcript must be processed to form biologically active RNA.
primase / primase a special kind of RNA polymerase, synthetic DNA synthesis as a short primer RNA.
primer / primer with a free 3 'hydroxyl end of the short nucleic acid sequences, which form a template strand with the complementary base pairs, copy the template strand as the other nucleotide starting point.
probe / RNA or DNA probe identified fragments or chemical activity of a radioactive marker for hybridization detection of specific nucleic acid sequence.
promotor / RNA polymerase promoter as transcription initiation to determine the location of DNA sequences.
proteasome / proteasome cytosol large multifunctional protease (hydrolysis) complex, it is degraded by ubiquitin attachment of cells to be destroyed those labeled proteins.
promoter - proximal element / promoter proximal components of eukaryotic DNA, no transcription initiation site is located about 200 base pairs within the regulatory sequences, the transcription of many genes by a variety of proximal promoter elements to control.
proto - oncogene / proto gene in a normal cell gene, it encodes a protein normally associated with the regulation of cell growth or reproduction is related to changes in protein segments or change the password and its expression, may make a cancer-promoting oncogene mutation.
pulse - chase / pulse tracking (technique) an experimental, short-term mixing of radioactive molecules in the cells (pulse), then followed by a large number of unmarked small molecules of similar form (track), is used to detect the location of the molecular changes in cells or a period of time of the metabolic fate.
Ras protein / Ras protein monomeric GTP binding protein, acting on intracellular signaling path, ligand and receptor tyrosine kinases or other cell surface receptors to activate it.
reading frame / reading frame-specific translation initiation from the mRNA start codon until the end of a nucleotide triplet (codon) sequences. in two different reading frames, some mRNA may be translated for different peptides.
receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) / receptor tyrosine kinase an important class of cell surface receptors member in the cytosolic domain with tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity. When it ligand binding can activate the kinase activity and activate intracellular signaling pathways.
recombinant DNA / recombinant DNA by the DNA fragments from different sources to form the connection of any DNA molecules, usually DNA molecules with a restriction enzyme to open and then with DNA ligase cut from different sources connected to form fragments.
recombination / reorganization will cut the chromosome or DNA molecule fragments and to reconnect as a new combination of the process. As a mother and during meiosis Parent DNA sequence on the chromatid exchange (swap) the result of naturally occurring in cells; also in vitro using purified DNA and enzymes to implement.
replication origin / origin of replication present in the organism genome unique DNA segments,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], DNA replication to begin. eukaryotic chromosomes contain multiple start point, while the bacterial chromosome and plasmids is usually only one.
replicon / origin of replication of the replicon the role of a DNA region .
restriction enzyme (endonuclease) / restriction (endo-nuclease) enzymes an enzyme that can recognize and cut specific double-stranded DNA molecule in a short sequence, restriction site. this enzyme in bacteria in general exists and is widely used in recombinant DNA technology.
restriction fragment / restriction fragment produced with a special determination of restriction enzyme cut DNA fragments can be used to generate recombinant DNA molecules and DNA cloning.
restriction point / limit points G1 cell cycle at the end point, since mammalian cells are sent to S phase and complete the cycle, so even without the growth factor also.
retrotransposon / retrotransposons in eukaryotic cells,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], mobile DNA elements It is mobile in the genome mediated by the RNA intermediates and reverse transcription steps involved.
retrovirus / retrovirus a eukaryotic cell virus, contained in the RNA genome replication in cells is to produce the first RNA to DNA copy. This proviral DNA is inserted into the chromosome DNA, and trigger more genomic RNA and viral protein messenger RNA.
reverse transcriptase / transcription of viral reverse transcriptase found in the catalytic synthesis of single-stranded RNA template double chain of DNA.
RNA editing / RNA editing changes before the mRNA sequence is uncommon type of RNA processing.
RNA polymerase / RNA polymerase to DNA or RNA of a chain (template strand) replication to generate complementary RNA chain, as the enzyme substrate nucleoside triphosphate.
RNA processing / RNA processing to generate functional RNA molecules occur in many but not all of the primary transcripts of various modifications.
RNA splicing / RNA RNA splicing to remove introns, exons and make the process of connecting.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) / ribosomal ribosomal RNA as a structural or functional components of several large RNA molecules in any one. eukaryotes in high sedimentation coefficient is usually named according to their activities, including 28S, 18S, 5. 8S and 5S.

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